ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY AND GOVERNANCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Ecological POLICY AND GOVERNANCE - Essay Example This outcomes in hierarchical legislative issues which might be fortunate or unfortunate for the organization relying upon the expectation of those wading into controversy. Some play a reasonable game and to assist the association while others wade into controversy to accomplish individual closures. The inquiry that asks answers along these lines, is; is it conceivable or attractive to wipe out hierarchical legislative issues? In this article, I will contend that it is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to wipe out authoritative governmental issues as long as there are assets to be shared and it isn't even attractive to do as such as it underpins organization development. Authoritative legislative issues is characterized by Griffin and Moorhead (2013: 387) as â€Å"the exercises completed by individuals to get, improve and use power and different assets to acquire wanted results in a circumstance where there is vulnerability or disagreement.† Power is indispensable in associations as it figures out who gets what, when and how and as such it isn't bizarre to discover workers particularly directors battling for power to pick up control (Gilmore and Williams 2013: 80). Now and then force is accomplished by the negligible certainty of a people position in the association (authentic, coercive and reward power) subsequently people with great influence utilize all way to save it or addition it by rising to a place of power. This involves taking part in political conduct to accomplish such closures particularly on the off chance that they feel their position is compromised. This political conduct (Cavanaugh, Moberg and Velasques 1981: 368) can be utili zed for moral or untrustworthy purposes and ought to be kept away from in the event that it doesn't regard the privileges of every single influenced party, doesn't regard groups of equity and doesn't prompt productive improvement of fulfillment of interests inside and outside association. In spite of the fact that it might be deceptive, Griffin and Moorhead (2013: 388) contend that attempting to take out political conduct will only from time to time, if at any time, work. Rather, this may build the conduct due to coming about vulnerability and uncertainty. They contend that legislative issues may give conceivable

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Andy Warhols Rorschach Paintings

Andy Warhols Rorschach Paintings One of the most significant and questionable Pop craftsmanship symbols in America and a significant impact to specialists around the globe, known as The Prince of Pop, Andy Warhol carries a completely new point of view to the workmanship world. An initiator and driving type of the Pop craftsmanship development of the 1960s, Warhol made progress as a business craftsman during the 1950s and consistently developed from their creating works from acclaimed pictures to mainstream society, shoes and promoting pictures (Artquotes.net). Conceived Andrew Warhola in 1928, Warhol lived and experienced childhood in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania during extremely difficult situations. Andy had gotten an uncommon ailment at 8 years old called chorea or St. Vitus move, an ailment of the sensory system that could have demonstrated lethal. He would later recuperate from the sickness, yet would increase a skin disease that would remain with him for an amazing remainder. Child of a Slovakian outsider, Warhols father was a development laborer who kicked the bucket in mishap when Andy was just 13 years of age (Artinthepicture.com). During the years following his dads demise his kin and schoolmates began to see an early ability in drawing and painting. After secondary school Warhol concluded he would consider business craftsmanship at the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh and in 1949 graduated with a significant in Pictorial Design (Artinthepicture.com). In the wake of graduating he chose to move to New York where he secured transitory positions as an artist for magazines and for business publicizing. From that point on his profession as a craftsman exceeded expectations and he got one of New Yorks generally looked for after and effective specialists. He held his initial small time show presentation in 1952 at the Hugo Gallery in New York and not long after turned into a well known figure in the New York craftsmanship scene. Beginning in 1978, after his multi year rule as the Prince of Pop, Warhol settled on an unforeseen choice and chose to take a stab at dynamic composition. Unique Expressionism would be characterized as specialists who applied paint quickly with power onto their gigantic canvases with an end goal to show sentiments and feelings, the works would discharge the imagination of the oblivious psyche (Artlex.com). The style of the late 1940s and mid 1950s was prevalently American and was described by its rendering of expressive substance by conceptual or non-target implies (Sayre 516). Andy Warhols Rorschach,1984 compositions are one of the most interesting and spellbinding works of the mid 1980s, they show his theoretical work in the best Warholian style and cause the watcher to make their very own picture out creative mind ( Richard 88-90). The enormous Rorschach artistic creations are monstrous in scale and required a team to deliver them, a stunning 2010 and were accomplished by pouring paint onto one side of the canvas, at that point collapsing the canvas down the center and squeezing the different sides together. In the entirety of their void and confusion the Rorschach artworks are mentally and sincerely charged. Warhol had made the arrangement explicitly so the artistic creations could be broke down. The ink blotch appearance was first created by Hermann Rorschach, a Swiss Freudian therapist who created them as a test, which in actuality would inspire revelation of a people deepest emotions (Newworldencyclopedia.org). It was predominantly utilized on individuals enduring mental precariousness or clutter and even analyzed mental patients. Continuously lurking in the shadows for motivation Warhol utilized these ink smears in his own works making the Rorschach arrangement. Warhol was particularly inspired by large sc ale manufacturing, his specialty was brought about by the utilization of his uncommon inventiveness in the visual expressions that would be utilized in mass delivered business things. Regularly thought to be a cousin of cutting edge craftsmanship, Andys business workmanship, for example, the soapbox covers, soup jars, plastic pressing would make and transform the business into a decent real fine art. The Rorschach arrangement would be a result of his previous work and would likewise be mass delivered. The works are apparently intricate, packed with incongruity and trimming, history and brain science, instinct and a great deal of misconception. Despite the fact that Warhol indicated intentional numbness toward the normalized blotchs of the official Rorschach test, he was clearly fascinated by their sequential monotony and conventional generic quality. With an expected 38 compositions aggregate in the Rorschach arrangement the enormous canvases where not in the least delivered uniquel y with the dim dark paint that many recall it for. Warhol explored different avenues regarding an assortment of hues, therefore he came to be known for utilizing shading field deliberation. Shading field works of art, a kind of dynamic expressionism, were utilized by craftsmen who were keen on the melodious or special climatic impacts of huge territories of shading, making the watcher be drenched in a shading domain (Artlex.com). A large number of the acclaimed artistic creations were brilliant red, gold and pink; he even made an excellent blend of the hues, blending purple, red and violet, and in another blue, purple and pink in an astounding cluster to make something uncommon and dynamic. Deliciously bright or dull dark, the works were engaging a wide scope of crowds and would get the watchers attention quickly after entering any display. Warhol utilized one significant method in making his scandalous works, a disagreeable and once in a while utilized pour and overlay procedure to invoke the meaty genuineness of kidneys or lungs (Artnet.com).A especially special element of the prints was that it contained no human touch, the paint was only permitted to space and settle any place on the canvas it satisfied with no human obstruction or brushwork, this additionally would clarify the assortment of novel prints in the Rorschach arrangement. The balanced systems of chiefly thick Liquitex Acrylic paint conveyed on silk screens made sweet veins of paint that were effectively recognizable and caused a novel misshaped picture each time. One questionable part of his work would likewise be that he never marked his work; out of each of the 38 artistic creations not one would contain his mark. One could state that Warhol was especially partial to genital symbolism, yet others would contend that the Rorschach artistic creations spea k to Warhols crazy psyche, yet contained pictures of the fallen angel and even demise itself. Terrible barbarities from the doors of damnation to a mammoth insulting veil, not all criticism was negative however, many saw totally different and positive symbolism in progress, from sovereignty to monster jars, yet regardless of what the watchers creative mind realized, each canvas made an inclination that the work would immerse the onlooker whenever (McShine 382-383). Warhol was said to have remembered iconography for his well known works, for example, the Rorschach arrangement, a few pictures may have been created to speak to something to him actually and to others something totally extraordinary. Iconography would be characterized as a pictorial portrayal of a subject, or the assortment of pictures, or symbols delineating a subject (Artlex.com). He would principally utilize it in his previous works, self representations of himself with skulls on his head as to delineate his own passi ng or murder. Warhols style of work in the Rorschach arrangement was particularly not quite the same as other extraordinary players of Pop Art during the time. Taking a shot at the subjects he cherished and having a severe routine he would transform things of day by day use into rearranged at this point many-sided bits of workmanship. Warhol had taken a shot at this arrangement for a year, which allowed him time and to decide the final products. A large portion of his assortment was never appeared until after his demise. Not long after the finishing and significant achievement of the Rorschach compositions, Warhol consistently proceeded onward from his valued arrangement and went on his last experience in reflection in 1986 (Glasstire.com). Warhol would mess with disguise and loosen up the work on canvases as extensive as thirty feet. He was so intrigued with the unlimited prospects and varieties of disguise iconography that he would in the end include it as a confused overlay to a portion of his different arrangement. He at that point left his so affectionate reflection arrangement to proceed with his vocation with his effectively mainstream self representations and later on The Last Supper arrangement (Glasstire.com). From the day he left the quiet condition of his ordinary work place and entered the exceptionally tumultuous spot of The Factory in 1962, he would mass produce silk screen prints and challenge the distinction among high and low workmanship to show the world that craftsmanship can be found in regular items. Warhol would continue pushing the constraints of workmanship towards new limits that would radically change the craftsmanship we see around us today. Andy Warhol had made a lasting imprint in the workmanship world and had become an incredibly famous Pop Art symbol. In 1987, the Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts was built up in his respect and in May 1994, the Andy Warhol Museum opened in his old neighborhood Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Artinthepicture.com). Being a disputable gay man that he was with an odd character, he was fixated by the desire of getting rich and popular and he knew precisely how he would accomplish this from the absolute first day he ventured into the workman ship world.

Article review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Article survey - Essay Example Every one of these machines are utilized for observation, following and recognizable proof purposes. They offer numerous advantages from proficiency to speed to solid scientific force. In any case, they keep on yielding more on the privilege to protection. This paper disks the issue of security sections singular wellbeing. The devoted demonstration is a demonstration that should shield blameless American residents from psychological militant assaults. It gives the law authorization organizations all the force important to utilize any methods and devices available to them to research sedate dealing, psychological oppression, and composed wrongdoing. This demonstration gives the law the option to utilize observation in their examination against fear mongering This demonstration additionally give diverse government offices to share among themselves appropriate and significant data (Bennett, 2007). Under this demonstration, and the bank mystery act, the FBI and specialists from IRS are p ermitted to get to data from the records of budgetary foundations to research and screen any exercises that appear to be dubious without cautioning the money related establishment (David, 2009). Many contend that open observation help in the illuminating of violations submitted, and this they state is far much important than the interruption by the administration. Senior residents will in general help the legislatures move in open observation (Locker, 2008). ... This reconnaissance doesn't occur in the open yet happens in private with no or little oversight by the courts by the general population or the congress. Through this force, to gather monstrous subtleties of private discussions and information, the administration security offices like the FBU and the NSA apply the utilization of PC projects to make forecasts and likes about the conduct of individuals (Lyon and Zureik, 2006). The legislature can aggregate dossiers about honest residents however the utilization of touchy information. This information is put away in government databases, and the names of numerous Americans end up mistaken and enlarged in the watch records, which decide whether the individual can fly on business carriers or recharge international IDs. Trawl observation subverts singular rights to protection and the ability to speak freely, religion and affiliation (Penenberg, 2001). The issue of protection and reconnaissance has been an intriguing issue for banter in the media houses. The legislature and an enormous level of the residents are not on similar terms with regards to this issue. The administration contends that it is its obligation to secure the residents of the nation against any danger, be it residential or outside. The best methods for guaranteeing that this obligation is performed is using observation to foresee practices and notice correspondence patters that may prompt the turning away of a psychological militant assault of an occurrence that will encroach on singular security or the security of the country at entire (Wright and Hert, 2012). Security has been expanded at the air terminals because of the danger that this industry faces from fear based oppressors. This industry has utilized the utilization of new and the most recent innovation that incorporate the utilization of biometric scanners. These are machines that are utilized for acknowledgment purposes. They can

Case Study: Swatch and the Global Watch Industry Essay

Presentation The Swatch Group had numerous right off the bat victories because of repositioning systems and a lift from acquisitions. By all accounts, the Swatch Group was the world’s driving maker of watches in the late 1990’s. They had 14 percent of the world piece of the overall industry and it gave the idea that gross deals and net benefits were on the ascent; in any case, under the spreads, it was a vastly different story. Pattern was confronting a heap of issues that should have been settled with the goal for progress to win. The executives issues were tormenting Swatch; numerous key figures ventured down from the board in the mid 1990’s refering to the CEO’s powerlessness to tune in to his staff. Notwithstanding the administration issues, Swatch was likewise confronting savage rivalry in many market spaces, including the biggest customer base space, the United States. Notwithstanding absence of market entrance in the United States, Swatch had an excessive number of items, which similarly occupied purchasers and venders. Ultimately, producing costs kept on taking off in Switzerland, the Swatch Group’s command post. Different contenders were rapidly reducing their expenses by moving assembling abroad. The Swatch Group was at an intersection; the methodology that had worked so well in the mid 1990’s was not, at this point practical †the inquiry currently was some solution for it? The executives Issues and Potential Resolutions Despite the fact that Swatch confronted numerous issues, inside discord can be the speediest demise of an organization. Hayek needs to guarantee the individuals picked to supplant the board member’s who ventured down can deal with his authority style. Similarly as significant as choosing a high-performing official group, Hayek need’s to understand that conventional authoritative standards of utilitarian pecking orders will unavoidably prompt fractures in the board. This is a social issue that Hayek needs to address. On the off chance that ex-board individuals keep on revile Swatch it could affect deals. To address this issue, Hayek needs to improve his initiative style and the board model to effectively include his staff. As a worker, even an official representative, being level out determined what you need to do constantly is frequently the element for an undesirable workplace, particularly when attempting to actualize change. Be that as it may, whenâ employees are en gaged with settling on a choice it is frequently simpler to place energetically the choice that was made. There is now and again a higher acknowledgment of the choice when it originates starting from the earliest stage and there is a higher likelihood that the choice will be executed productively. The result of such a change will unavoidably be certain. At the point when Hayek has all the more then one individual getting together attempting to take care of an issue, he will have an expanded possibility at a superior arrangement at that point in the event that he were attempting to explain it himself. The representatives carry a ton to the gathering room with them. For example, they may have â€Å"inside information† concerning why creation is vacillating. By making a high-performing official group that functions as a firm unit versus â€Å"he must be the huge manager alone, and can never share opinions† unit, the Swatch Group should start to see an improvement in the gentler issues, for example, representative fulfillment, higher official worker maintenance, and a progressi vely open correspondence model. Serious and Product Mix Issues and Potential Resolutions The Swatch bunch all in all had an unmatched capacity to furnish buyers with a wide scope of items in all market fragments. They could give hello tech watches that worked as ski passes, style watches, for example, the Swatch, or a stunning jewel studded valuable metal watch †Swatch gave items at all limits. Be that as it may, certain product offerings were increasingly effective then others. The Swatch watch specifically was battling to pick up piece of the pie in the United States and somewhere else for a few reasons including whimsical shopper conduct and a product offering that was overwhelming to purchasers and affiliates. The Swatch item was rapidly loosing its serious edge against different players, for example, Fossil, Guess, Timex and Seiko. Affiliates were dropping like flies and shoppers felt like Swatch had soaked the market with an excessive number of items. More regrettable of all, purchaser recognition was that Swatch was a prevailing fashion. Quick choices should be made to invert this before the brand turns out to be a piece of a MTV or VH1 â€Å"I love the 90’s† network show. Fortunately, a large portion of the choices to be made with respect to item blend have next to no effect socially and morally. Omega (some portion of the Swatch Group arrangement of brands), was confronting a comparable end in the mid 1990’s and effectively repositioned itself and turned into a significant benefit driver for the gathering. It accomplished this via cautiously choosing its advertising programs and radically cutting its product offering from 2,500 to 130. This procedure should be applied to Swatch, which centers around the essential and center evaluated showcase. This is upheld by the way that the quantity of affiliates dropped from 3,000 in the mid 1990’s to 1,200 of every 1998. Sample needs to apply a SWOT examination and figure out which product offerings are fruitful in this market space and drop the rest of the items. Moreover, the Swatch Group needs to take a gander at their purchaser base and decide whether it is beneficial to dispatch another product offering that catches past shoppers who have now advanced to the following phase of their lives and are craving a progressiv ely costly and modern watch. A showcasing effort should be picked that pulls in new buyers in the fundamental and center value advertise concentrating on the more modest number of brands and a different battle ought to be made that centers around keeping their current client base. These crusades ought to be recreated to different nations to guarantee the Swatch brand stays obvious. Neither of these goals will be anything but difficult to actualize; notwithstanding, whenever done effectively Swatch will diminish their creation costs in light of the fact that there are less product offerings and increment their deals dependent on showcasing efforts to two separate gatherings: new clients and existing clients. Assembling Issues and Potential Resolutions Driven by popularity, seaward assembling places are showing up all through the world. Huge numbers of the Swatch Group’s contenders have changed their assembling to focuses abroad and diminished their fixed costs, which brought about an expansion in benefit. The Swatch Group had consistently stayed focused on its command post, somewhat in light of the fact that their command post had a very long time of mastery in watch making and halfway on the grounds that a timepiece can't be stepped with â€Å"Swiss Made† except if in any event half of Swiss fabricated items by esteem are available in theâ timepiece. In spite of the fact that the blend of elements raising the chance of redistributing differs from organization to organization, there are a couple of subjects that the Swatch Group needs to investigate with respect to the weights to re-appropriate. The Swatch Group needs to perceive that general concerns in regards to cost and quality are the principle drivers for re-appropriating. Likewise, re-appropriating can transform a fixed expense into a variable cost, which will fundamentally assist an organization with differing volumes. Albeit most organizations can profit massively through re-appropriating or fabricating in another nation, the Swatch Group needs to decide whether it will be effective and productive for them. Re-appropriating a part of their worth chain is definitely not a handy solution reaction to creation expenses or execution slacks. Moreover, the decisions for redistributing areas are many, they are not all equivalent, contrasting in a few basic territories. Choosing the correct choice requires adjusting variables, for example, social fondness, geopolitical hazard, cost, and asset accessibility. To help thin their concentration in their investigation, at first, the Swatch Group should seek India for their redistribute area. India has a huge ability pool of talented, experienced watch laborers. These laborers have hands-on experience supporting Titan ventures. Titan is proceeding to develop as an organization and the pace of asset extension is significantly improving in staying aware of current just as future innovations. Moreover, the Swatch Group should focus their redistributing thoughtfulness regarding the gathering part of the worth included chain. This will guarantee that half of the made parts are as yet finished in Switzerland. The plan, showcasing, and the vast majority of assembling of the watches despite everything remain where the mastery is found. The get together of a watch is an amazingly repeatable and effectively controllable errand, which will build the accomplishment for re-appropriating. Re-appropriating get together to India will have numerous constructive outcomes for the Swatch Group. Cost decrease remains the essential goal of re-appropriating; the Swatch Group will be able to give a decent at a lower cost and ought to have the option to make the gathering cost increasingly unsurprising and controlled. Morally and socially, redistributing has a caused numerous people andâ increase in work weakness. Settle for what is most convenient option in different nations are constraining numerous organizations to redistribute a lot of their assembling. This is particularly agitating for people who come up short on the abilities to make themselves hard to supplant, for example, in assembling. In the event that the Swatch Group chooses to redistribute gathering, there will be no simple method to redeploy the get together specialists. They can arrangement a redeployment pool for those assets and attempt to redeploy them somewhere else in the organization. In any case, if this is beyond the realm of imagination, a business choice should be made to lay those laborers off. The most extreme affectability will be required as it is conceivable that ages of families have worked for the Swatch Group. The Swatch Group should cautiously adjust the redistributing cost decrease prospects with the social im plications that may exist. End There are numerous issues confronting the Swatch Group and there is no correct method to unravel any of the issues. E

12 Tips for Talking About Money With Your Spouse or Partner

12 Tips for Talking About Money With Your Spouse or Partner 12 Tips for Talking About Money With Your Spouse or Partner 12 Tips for Talking About Money With Your Spouse or PartnerTalking about money with your spouse or partner isnt easy, but these helpful bits of expert advice should help make the conversation a healthy and productive one.Maintaining a healthy marriage or long-term relationship takes a lot of work and communication. But if you and your spouse or partner aren’t talking to each about money, specifically, it could be undoing all the hard work youre doing in the other areas of your marriage.“Occasionally I’ll meet with clients and can tell that they’re on different pages financially,” said Holly Peterson, owner of  Elite Retirement Strategies in Pocatello, Idaho. “When I meet with a couple and one indicates that they are an aggressive saver and the other is laid back and doesn’t track their spending, I know immediately that they are not on the same page in multiple ways. Each person will have a completely different attitude when it comes to money and how they treat it.”If you and your spouse are unable to communicate about money, then neither of you is setting your partnership up for success. Don’t let that happen. Here are twelve pieces of advice from financial and relationship experts that can help you and your partner start a healthy, productive money conversation.1. Be honest and be open.Chad Rixse is the founder of  Far North Capital  in Anchorage Alaska. He cited “honest and open communication” as a crucial component in successful marriages and long-term relationships. “Relationships that harbor secrets or are dysfunctional on the communication end rarely, if ever, work out long-term,” he said.“Even if you and your spouse (or significant other) share different financial principles or goals, if you are able to be open and honest about your current individual financial pictures, expectations, management styles, and habits, its far easier to find common ground and align your financial lives together.”Personal finance educator Denise Myhand, founder of  The Wealth Culture, an organization dedicated to the narrowing the wealth gap for women and minorities, agreed that partners being honest and open in their communications is key to successful money conversations.“Let your partner know what is going with you financially or if you have any concerns,” she said. “Do you have debt that the partner needs to know about, maybe you have nothing saved for retirement or you dont like combining your money because you feel like you are being controlled. Whatever the issue is you have to share it to resolve it. You and your partner can not address issues if you both are not aware of them.”2. Don’t wait. Start talking now.Syble Solomon is the creator of  Money Habitudes, a personality profile and financial conversation starter game for couples. Her advice is to quit waiting and start talking about money with your partner ASAP.“Start by acknowledging to your partner that talking about money can feel awkward, but it b uilds trust and lays a stronger foundation for your relationship,” she said.Sounds scary, right? Don’t worry, Solomon offered some other helpful tips to help you ease into the conversation:“H.A.L.T.: When getting started, give yourself the advantage of a time and place where you can relax; planning a quiet evening to talk about money over coffee is much better than right after fighting about the credit card bill. Think of the acronym H.A.L.T.; dont try to have this conversation when someone is hungry, angry, lonely or tired.“Avoid numbersâ€"at least at first. There seems to be a lot of advice that tells couples that the first money conversation they should have is doing a budget or going over credit reports. Think about working up to that and first get comfortable talking about finances in more general terms.“Reminisce. An easy way to begin is to just share your memories. Remember the first time you bought something with your own money? What did you buy? How did you get th e money? A simple conversation like this proves that you can talk about money in a constructive way and lays the foundation for future conversations and understanding. Then you can talk about debt and credit scores, etc.!”3. Pull your credit reports and go through them together.  Todd Huettner is the president of  Huettner Capital, a residential mortgage bank located in Denver, CO. He recommended that you and your spouse start your financial conversation by going through your credit reports.Credit reports document your history as a borrower and contain the information used to create your credit score. Most information on these reports goes back seven years, while some information (like bankruptcies) stays on your reports for longer.You actually have three different credit reports, one each from the three major credit reporting agencies: Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax. You can request one free copy of each report annually, just visit www.AnnualCreditReport.com.Huettner suggested that you pull your credit reports and walk through them together looking for the following:“What are your credit scores? Similar scores can highlight common attitudes toward risk and finances including savings, borrowing, managing debt. Vastly different scores are definitely something to discuss. If you both have low scores, now is the time to look at how you can improve your finances together.“Why are any scores low? There are perfectly understandable reasons why someone may have bad credit. However, repeated mistakes can indicate something other than bad luck.“Look at prior names and name variations. Now is the time to fess up if you were previously married. It is much uglier to find out later.4. Learn your partner’s underlying values.The way your partner deals with money might completely confound you. If that’s the case, it’s safe to assume that you dont just find their behavior confounding, but extremely frustrating as well. So instead of looking at the things they do with money, take the time to figure out why they’re doing them.“When it comes to communication about money between partners, I like to take a holistic approach,” said money coach and founder of  Bountiful Money Cecilia Case. I ask my clients and their partners to both go through exercises that help them understand their underlying values. They then compare their answers.“This provides a basis for understanding what your partner is valuing when they do something with money that isnt what they would do. When they understand their partners values and motivations, it becomes easier to see that the spouse wasnt doing it to make you mad, they were doing it because it made sense to them. That can be the start for a supportive and understanding give and take between loving partners.”Certified Financial Education Instructor Kassandra Dasent  likewise stressed the importance  of “how each persons experience with money in the past has shaped their understanding and interaction w ith it in the present.”“Through open, honest and non-judgmental communication, couples will be able to make financial decisions that meet their needs, address some of their wants and overall improve their quality of life,” she said.5. Decide on one common financial goal.  They say that opposites attract. And they’re often right. This is just as true for money as it is anything elseâ€"maybe even more so. The odds are good that you and your partner have very different approaches to money and financial issues.That’s why Holly Peterson suggests you and your partner pick one common financial goal and work towards it, “whether it’s creating a budget, getting credit card spending under control or pledging to put a portion of your income towards retirement.”“It’s also important to be on the same page for overall goals,” she added. “You both probably want to retire by a certain age, now you need to work together to figure out how to make that a reality. Have regular c heck-ins with each other for support and accountability.”Additionally, focusing on one financial goal will also help you and your spouse from biting off more than you can chew!6. Make regular appointments to talk.Dasent recommended that couples in a marriage or a committed relationship set aside time regularly to talk about finances. She also specified that these sessions should be held on  a minimum  monthly basis.“Regardless if one partner is responsible for the day to day financial decisions, it is important that both partners know what their money is being spent on and how that may be affecting the progress of their financial and life goals,” she said.“Expect to talk about money in casual spontaneous times but also in scheduled and routine times,” offered Carrie Krawiec, a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist at  Birmingham Maple Clinic in Troy, MI. “Monitor your body for signs of getting overwhelmed or frustrated and plan to take breaks, limit time, or reschedule if either person gets too heated.“If you must take a break or quit early,” she added, “make a concerted effort to return as avoiding only makes it harder to come back and makes it more difficult as a couple to resolve money problems.”7. Dont make it personal.A marriage is a very personal thing, but talking about how money works in your relationship is going to require a bit more detachment. Otherwise, the conversation could go off the rails fast.“When discussing past mistakes or current debt, dont make it personal, just remain objective,” said Rixse. “Ultimately, your goal is to move forward in harmony and work towards mutual goals that will benefit not only each of you individually but your marriage as well.“If objectivity is difficult to obtain, bring a third-party in like a financial planner or trusted family member that can remove any negative emotions that might be wrapped up in the conversations together and help you see each others side in a healthy way.”8. Be proactive.Are things going okay between you and your spouse right now money-wise? Great. That means this is the perfect time to start talking about finances.“Be proactive,” said Myhand. “Discuss your finances regularly and be planful. Don’t wait for something to come up to discuss what you are going to do.“Waiting till something happens can create extra financial and emotional stress that can be a burden on your relationship.  Setting financial goals and budgeting regularly will help you be proactive and keeps everyone on the same page.”9. Learn healthy problem-solving skills.Identifying a problem is step one. Step two is actually fixing it. The more tools and positive problem-solving skills you have at your disposal, the better.“Create a goal, Brainstorm objectives for reaching the goal, choose a handful of objectives that make sense,” said Krawiec. Rough out a plan saying who will do what and then meet weekly to track progress and troubleshoot as necessary.”S he also offered the following guidelines for healthy problem-solving:“A goal should be positive and future-focused so not ‘Spend less’ but rather ‘Put 20 percent of income in savings each month.’“When brainstorming each idea should not be judged. Then cross off ideas that don’t work. Choose a few you are willing and able to do.“Don’t expect 100 percent success.“Meet weekly to congratulate successes and rework problem areas.”10. Practice positive reinforcement.When you’re part of a couple, you divide the chores and other household duties. Money is no different. One person is going to end up being responsible for the couple’s finances. That’s no small job, and it’s on the other partner to give them positive reinforcement.“Give frequent gratitude and praise to the person responsible for managing the household finances,” said Krawiec, adding that, “Happy marriages have five positive interactions for each one negative.“If you are the person responsib le for money give specific directions of your expectations and frequent positive feedback for cooperation. If you are the person who is not the household accountant give thanks that this important job function is done for you.”More than simply offering positive reinforcement, Krawiec laid out how you can avoid negative behaviors and modes of communication:“Avoid criticism (character attacks; “you are so stingy” or “you think money grows on trees” and stick to factual complaints “I dislike when you spend cash on out to eat meals when you can pack a lunch or eat at home.” )“Avoid defensiveness (cross-complaining, rebutting, denying). Avoid contempt (which is eye-rolling, sneering, sarcasm, name-calling) and lastly, avoid stonewalling which is shutting down.“These are John Gottman’s 4 Horsemen of the Apocalypse or 4 behavior characteristic of marriages that end in divorce,” she added.11. Choose success over shame.Do you and/or your spouse have trouble maintainin g positive financial behaviors over a longer period of time? Youre not alone. Here’s Huettner’s description of what he calls the “Financial Shame Cycle”:“Paying your bills on time, spending wisely, saving money are all things people could tell you are good financial habits just like eating right, exercising regularly, and getting lots of sleep are good health habits. Then why are they so hard to do?“The Financial Shame Cycle is something I created to explain why personal finance can be so difficult for many people even though we “know” the basics.“Shame is different because we do not feel we simply made a mistake. With shame we feel we are bad inherently and ‘just aren’t good with money.’“The stages in the cycle are:“We don’t know what to do/how to start so we don’t do anything.“We know what to do, but we don’t have a plan that we feel will succeed, so we don’t start.“We don’t see progress/success so we reinforce our belief that we are not g ood and start back at one.”“If you or your significant other experiences these feelings, you need to do a little more work,” said Huettner. Luckily, he also offered the steps that a couple can take to exit the “Financial Shame Cycle” and enter the “Financial Success Cycle” instead:“It all begins with the acceptance that we are not the only ones who have these struggles and we just need to get learn to handle our finances. The steps for Huettners Financial Success Cycle include:“Information: get help and informed on where you are financially.“Confidence: create a plan to achieve your goal.“Progress: create small steps to take to see your successes.“Communication is a key part of building a strong relationship and financial conversations are no different. You will have this conversation at some point; either now to start your relationship or far too late when it is ending. There is too much at stake to wait,” said Huettner.12. See how one CFP talks to their s pouse.Getting your finances together can seem like a pretty daunting task. And it’s certainly going to take some hard workâ€"from both you and your spouse. The other 11 tips contained in this article can help you out, but it’s always nice to see healthy financial practices in action.That’s why we’ll leave with you with this snapshot from Certified Financial Planner Krista A. Cavalieri, owner of  Evolve Capital, of how she and her husband talk to each other about money:“My husband and I have a pretty decent baseline of healthy communication which is key to any conversation but especially so when it comes to money because as we all know, money is a very sensitive topic.“We do not have formal monthly or weekly meetings, which are sometimes needed depending on the couple. We have a very open line of communication and both log into our budgeting tool quite often to ensure things are moving along. We casually chat about money about once a week often in relation to going to din ner or a possible weekend trip. These conversations help us reconnect and confirm that we are on the same page about the overall goal of our money.“We often clear out of the ordinary purchases with one another. While it used to be of a certain dollar amount (about $100) we have found that because of the Amazon prime and the good old add on items, we talk about purchase more frequently.“We also discuss activities for the children and try to come to a common ground on what activities we feel are worth spending money on and when. Such as gymnastics for our middle child, we both agree it might be better to wait until she can do it without needing a parent.“While we havent settled on a date for retirement we talk about it in theory, such as if we might relocate and also to confirm with one another that we would like to travel.”Talking to your spouse about money isn’t something you can do in a one-time-only session; it’s a conversation you two will be having for the rest of yo ur lives. If you want some financial topics to help carry you through the decades, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:The (Comprehensive) Couple’s Guide To Budgeting8 Good Habits to Get Your Financesâ€"and Your Lifeâ€"on TrackFrom Budget to Baller: 6 Tips to Grow Your Money8 Ways To Save Money Today, Tomorrow and Every Day AfterHow do you handle money issues with your partner?  We want to hear from you! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsCecilia Case is a Money Coach and founder of  Bountiful Money. Money intertwines with nearly every aspect of our lives, and its power can make it an intimidating problem to fix. Cecilia uses a direct but gentle method of exploring your past, understanding your values and goals, and helping you find your own path to money health and success. You can heal your relationship with money, and find peace and prosperity in your personal finances!Krista Cavalieri  started Evolve Capital  when she rea lized there was no way for young people (like her) to get good financial advice tailored to them. Not one size fits all financial products or minimums they can’t reach. Just because they are young doesn’t mean they should be ignored. Krista  has been in financial planning since 2010 and prior to that traded foreign exchange with UBS after graduating from The Ohio State University. She also holds the CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNING designation.Kassandra  Dasent (@kassandradasent) is a Certified Financial Education Instructor, certified credit analyst, and personal finance expert. Minding Your Money is what  Kassandra  Dasent  specializes in.  Focusing on how the emotional quotient can have a direct and lasting impact on ones relationship with money, she successfully communicates to her audiences practical ways on how to improve their financial circumstances. To learn more, visit  KassandraDasent.com.A recognized real estate and personal finance expert with over twenty years of exper ience,  Todd  Huettner  is frequently quoted in the business press including The Wall Street Journal, CNBC, Credit Karma, and Realtor.com. He is President of  Huettner  Capital (@HuettnerCapital), a residential mortgage bank located in Denver, CO.   In addition to earning an economics degree and an M.B.A.,  Todd  has held his real estate license in multiple states and been an underwriter, financial analyst, and consultant.Carrie  Krawiec  (@CarrieJKLMFT) is a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist at Birmingham Maple Clinic in Troy, MI.  Carrie  provides individual, couple and family therapy with interest areas  including a variety of relationship issues such as adult family conflict, family business  conflict,  family conflicts between parents and teens, relationship and marriage counseling,  peer relationships, communication, and emotional regulation.  Carrie  has specific training in Parent Management Training-Oregon (PMT-O Specialist); a behavior management technique for paren ts to utilize with children to prevent and reduce behavior issues in children age 7 to 17.Denise Myhand is a personal finance advocate who is passionate about people, life, knowledge and new experiences. She is the founder of The Wealth Culture, an organization dedicated to the narrowing the wealth gap for women and minorities where they advocate four core principles: budgeting, debt repayment, generational wealth, socializing financial responsibility and empowerment. In addition to the Wealth Culture,  Denise  has recently completed her first ebook: The Debt Slay Guide An autobiographical and instructional guide to paying off debt.Holly Peterson is the owner of  Elite Retirement Strategies in Twin Falls, Idaho.Chad Rixse was born and raised in  Anchorage, Alaska until the age of 18. He then spent the next 11 years in Seattle where he graduated from the University of Washington and got his start in the financial services industry. Chad  has since moved back to Anchorage to found Fa r North Capital  (@farnorthcapital) and continue pursuing his lifelong passion for helping others. He finds the  positive difference hes able to make in peoples lives the most rewarding aspect of his work. Outside of work,  Chad  loves enjoying  all that Alaska has to offer. In the summer, he loves to camp, hike, fish, and golf. In the winter, he downhill skis and gets to the rock gym a few times per week.  Chad  is also active in the Anchorage Chamber of Commerces Young Professionals Group.The creator of  Money Habitudes (@moneyhabitudes), Syble Solomon, is an educator and coach who specializes in the psychology of money. Since 1995, she has been an executive coach and adjunct faculty member with the Center for Creative Leadership. She was a doctoral fellow at University of Pittsburgh, received her Masters in Education at George Washington University and her B.A. in Economics with a minor in psychology from Rutgers University beginning her career as a Peace Corps volunteer, teachin g in the Philippines.

Measurement System Analysis - Free Essay Example

Section 24: Measurement System Analysis Introduction to MSA The requirements of measurement systems Variable MSA à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Gage RR MSA graphing Attribute Measurement System Calibration of Measurement Systems Features of a good measurement system Accuracy Repeatability Linear à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" produce accurate and consistent results Reproducibility Stability Introduction to MSA It is important that before you try to understand the root cause of a process or problem that you ensure the data you are using is reliable. The measurement system that is used will have a large impact on the data that is gathered. If the measurement system is not reliable it may introduce errors and bias into the data. A measurement system is the whole approach to the gathering the data in the measure stage. This could include factors such as; people, tools, standards, training and procedures. By using Measurement System Analysis we can identify the sources of error in the data. Some MSA definitions Bias: The difference between the average measured value and a standard. Repeatability: The variability resulting from successive trials using the same equipment. Reproducibility: Variation in the average of the measurements taken by different people. Accuracy or Precision: This is concerned with the correctness of the average reading. The accuracy relates to the level to which the average matches with the true value. Measurement System errors fall into two categories; Bias errors and Precision errors Bias Errors These errors shift the data from the measuring so that it is consistently a set distance from the mean. This is shown in the diagram above. Some examples of bias error are outlined below; A petrol pump is incorrectly calibrated by 1 litre so for every sale 1 litre less is pumped into the cars. A set of scales in fishmongers is incorrect. Each fish sold is incorrectly weighed by 10 grams less than it should be. The clock in a dentist is 5 minutes slow meaning that all dentist appointments will be 5 minutes later than their due time. Precision Errors These errors do not happen in the same way each time and so add a greater level of variation into the data. They are often related to the human interaction on a process; such as people measuring in different ways or taking shortcuts with process steps. There are two categories of precision errors; Repeatability: the variation caused by the measuring device. When the same operator measures an output with the same measuring device the variation from this is one of repeatability. Reproducibility: the variation caused by different people undertaking the measures. Different operators may measure the same parts in different ways leading to variation in the measurements. How to assess Precision Errors Gauge RR à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Gauge Repeatability and Reproducibility A gauge RR assessment of a process will enable the level of precision error to be quantified. The final produce that is being measured is always stable, therefore any variation in the results are due to repeatability or reproducibility in the measurement process. By undertaking a Gauge RR assessment we are presented with a percentage score. This illustrates what level of variation is due to either reproducibility or repeatability with the gauge. Although the scores are often assessed in relative terms; for example the level of one is greater than the other indicating that the focus should be there. Some absolute value acceptability criteria is also outlined below for the results. Marginal Good Excellent ÃÆ'†¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡30% ÃÆ'†¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡20% ÃÆ'†¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡10% Gauge RR for Continuous Data Suppose we ask 3 people to measure the height of 10 Christmas Trees 3 times. A sample of the data is provided below. So we now have 90 measures by the 3 individuals. From this we need to determine if the level of variation in the measurement system is acceptable for the data. We can determine the gauge levels for repeatability and reproducibility using the Minitab system. The first output from this is shown below. Components of variation: Columns 2 and 3 show the level of repeatability and reproducibility in the data. These results show that the level of reproducibility is higher than repeatability, which is within acceptable tolerances. Therefore improvements should look at the individuals to reduce the variation in their measures and not so much the equipment they are using. R Chart by Person: This is a run or control chart showing the sample range measures taken by the 3 people of the 10 different Christmas Tree. It gives an indication as to whether the operators are measuring consistently. As there is a lot of variation in the sample range measures this indicates there a high level of variation in the measures taken by the individuals. This reflects the findings of the first chart. X bar Chart by Person: This run or control chart showing the actual measurements of the 10 Christmas Trees by the 3 people. Measurement by Tree Reference: This shows the 3 measurements of each of the trees. This can show if there was more variation in specific parts than others. S for example, in this example there was a high level of variation in the measurement of tree 10 but very little for tree 2. You may want to investigate the reasons for this further. There may be some reason for the difference and there could be some adaptations that could be adopted from those trees that are easily measured. Measurement by Person: This shows the range of different measures from each person. Therefore it is giving a more detailed illustration of reproducibility. In the example we can see that Person 2 has lower average measurements that 1 and 3. Also person 3 has a lower range and variation in their measurements. It may be an idea to see if the technique of person 3 was different to that of 1 and 2. Tree Reference * Person Interaction: This shows the different measures for each tree for each appraiser. From this it is possible to identify if the measures of an appraiser is a lot different to others. This may have a large impact on the results of the analysis. Session Window Output Source DF SS MS F P Tree referen 9 238770 26530.0 27.1453 0.000 Person 2 7301 3650.7 3.7354 0.044 Tree referen * Person 18 17592 977.3 15.4777 0.000 Repeatability 60 3789 63.1 Total 89 267452 %Contribution Source VarComp (of VarComp) Total Gage RR 456.99 13.86 Repeatability 63.14 1.92 Reproducibility 393.84 11.95 Person 89.11 2.70 Person*Tree referen 304.73 9.24 Par t-To-Part 2839.18 86.14 Total Variation 3296.17 100.00 Process tolerance = 290 StudyVar %StudyVar %Tolerance Source StdDev (SD) (6*SD) (%SV) (SV/Toler) Total Gage RR 21.3772 128.263 37.23 44.23 Repeatability 7.9463 47.678 13.84 16.44 Reproducibility 19.8454 119.073 34.57 41.06 Person 9.4399 56.639 16.44 19.53 Person*Tree referen 17.4565 104.739 30.41 36.12 Part-To-Part 53.2840 319.704 92.81 110.24 Total Variation 57.4123 344.474 100.00 118.78 Number of Distinct Categories = 3 As the highlighted values are less than 0.05 this indicates that the Person does have an affect on the result. These figures are also reflected in the earlier graphs. The GRR accounts for 37.23% of the total variation and 44.23% of the tolerance. The figures also show that Reproducibility is a bigger factor than repeatability in variance of the measures. The figure illustrates how many distinct categories the measurement system is capable of handling. A standard figure is 5 and so any result below this indicates improvement in the measuring system is required. Gauge RR for Attribute Data Gauge RR analysis can also be used for attribute data; where data has been classified. For example a number of individuals may have been used to classify data, such as correct/incorrect, pass/fail or classification of colour. The Gauge RR analysis is again used to determine the level of reproducibility and repeatability. The graphical output for the Attribute GRR assessment is shown above. The Within Appraisers chart shows the level of repeatability between the 3 appraisers. It illustrates that the most consistent appraiser is Phil, who reached the same decision on 100% of the pieces he tested. However Peter is the most inconsistent. The second chart; Appraiser vs Standard compares how the individuals fared against the standard results. The results of Phil most closely match that of the standard (around 96% of the time) whilst Peters only matched the standard in 72% of measures. The Session Window Output is outlined below. Each Appraiser vs Standard Assessment Agreement Appraiser #Inspected #Matched Percent 95% CI Peter 25 18 72.00 (50.61, 87.93) Pam 25 21 84.00 (63.92, 95.46) Phil 25 24 96.00 (79.65, 99.90) # Matched: Appraisers assessment across trials agrees with the known standard. This data shows the level of agreement with the standard for each appraiser. Between Appraisers Assessment Agreement #Inspected #Matched Percent 95% CI 25 18 72.00 (50.61, 87.93) This data shows the level of agreement between the appraisers. In this case out of 25 pieces there was full agreement in 18 or 72%. All Appraisers vs Standard Assessment Agreement #Inspected #Matched Percent 95% CI 25 17 68.00 (46.50, 85.05) This data shows the level of agreement between the appraisers. In this case out of 25 pieces there was full agreement with the standard in 17 or 68%. MSA in practice You may not have the data to undertake a Minitab analysis of the level of Gauge RR in the measuring system. However the principles can still be applied. When measuring any process steps should be taken to ensure that the people measuring use the same tools and measure the process in the same way. For example, start and end points for measures should be agreed between the people doing the measuring.

Humans do not seem to be comfortable with someone who has...

Humans do not seem to be comfortable with someone who has a different opinion and different views from them. Throughout the history of the word discrimination has been seen everywhere. Barbara Jordan says that â€Å"we as humans must be willing to accept and tolerate people who are different from ourselves. â€Å" We must tolerate everyone because they have the right to express their opinion. Intolerance has happened all across the globe, it has happened in the past and it is still an ongoing problem many people face. Palestine is a historic and diverse land it is the home of both Jews and Palestinians. Their different ideals have resulted in a conflict that has been going on for hundreds of years. After the end of WWII the government of England†¦show more content†¦He says that â€Å"I’ve been to many veteran hospitals and seen too many broken bodies of guys who have tried to protect it.† The act of burning the flag is an insult to the soldiers who have mutilated themselves while trying to protect their country. In 1961 a group of people known as the freedom riders set out to the Deep South in order to defy the Jim Crow laws that made segregation legal and prohibited white and colored people from being together in the same restaurant. Train stations had white waiting areas and colored waiting areas. The freedom riders were calling for change; they were often imprisoned for disturbing the peace. The freedom riders movement was spreading across the country. The freedom riders were attacked many times but what occurred on May 14 is one of the most notorious times. â€Å"On May 14 an angry mob of Ku Klux Klansmen attacked a bus full of people As the crowd of about fifty surrounded the bus, an eighteen-year-old Klansman and ex-convict named Roger Couch stretched out on the pavement in front of the bus to block any attempt to leave, while the rest — carrying metal pipes, clubs, and chains — milled around menacingly, some screaming, Dirty Communists and Sieg heil! There was no sign of any police, even though Herman Glass, the manager of the Anniston Greyhound station, had warned local officials earlier in the day that a potentially violent mobShow MoreRelatedLetter Concerning Toleration Essay1055 Words   |  5 Pagesof Government, and Letter Concerning Toleration (AR). In his treatises he proclaimed that absolute monarchy was not the proper way to govern. These beliefs about a monarchy started in him at a very young age. 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As out of place as it might have been with its message of religious toleration, the document reveals that the objective had less to do with actual toleration of diversity, and more with religious toleration through assimilation and conversion to Christianity . Cusa ´s efforts in this document to find a solution to this problem is passive, it does not foster religious toleration based on mutual respect of the differences between peoples, but that all differences between religionsRead More The Multivisions of Multiculturalism Essay3327 Words   |  14 Pageswhy it is that such a modest aim is the most we can hope for at this time; and (iii) that provides an understanding of what we can do in a multicultural world in order to illuminate what we should do. This framework will reject both the idea of toleration as found in Berlin’s conception of human choice and will speak of as maximal multiculturalism, an orientation that is found in John Milton’s idea of truth as variegated and that sees multiculturalism as a great good. These views are plagued by atRead MoreExploratons and Colonization of North and South America Essay examples916 Words   |  4 Pagescolonization of the Americas, the negative effects ultimately outweighed the positives. Throughout the colonies, religious toleration was widely practiced. Many may argue that the colonies did not practice religious toleration because of the Puritans of Massachusetts Bay Colony that escaped Europe for the freedom to practice Puritanism and then proceeded to not practice religious toleration (smithsonianmag.com). However, the majority of the colonies were colonies of religious freedom.. An example would beRead MoreTolerance Towards Others1750 Words   |  7 Pagesemphasize the true meaning of tolerance, society should look at the events that took place in history. There has been no tolerance in races, religions, and other characteristics of human nature. In AD313 the Roman emperor Constantine the Great decreed toleration of Christianity. Twenty years later, Constantine the Great set the pattern of religious censorship that was to be followed for centuries by ordering the burning of all books by the Greek theologian Arius. After the emperor Theodosius made ChristianityRead MoreThe Successful Formation Of A New Colony1450 Words   |  6 Pagesthe natives extremely difficult. It is quite ironic that the Puritans we think of today fled England to establish their own ideal society rather than the myth that they fled to escape persecution and champion religious toleration, considering they were the exact opposite of toleration. Unlike the extremely conservative policies of the Puritans, Quakers had liberal policies that included religious tolerance, liberal voting franchise, and humane punishments that did not result in execution. The QuakersRead MoreSignificance of the Toleration Act Essays621 Words   |  3 PagesSignificance of the To leration Act Religious intolerance was normal practice throughout the Middle Ages, the Reformation bringing with it much persecution. Christian Anti-Semitism fuelled the religious insecurity prevalent in Europe but by the end of the sixteenth century Poland, the Dutch Republic and France had reached a state of ‘tolerance’, being in contrast to the religiousRead More`` Nathan The Wise `` And Francoise De Graffigny s Letters From A Peruvian Woman1506 Words   |  7 Pagesand banal religion. For many people Christianity and Islam superseded Judaism. This resulted in Jews being persecuted across Europe. In order to address the issue of religious toleration, Gotthold Lessing used emblematic representations of his characters in order to create the backdrop for his beliefs on why religious toleration was necessary. Nathan’s (adopted) daughter, Recha was raised as a Jew. She was brought up to be tolerant and accepting of all. However, Recha fell in love with a Templar. WasRead MoreThe Two Enantiomers (An Analysis of Thomas Hobbes and Sebastian Casteillo)814 Words   |  3 Pagesbeliefs about their country and how it should be run. After closer inspection, Casteillo and Hobbes are near complete opposites. One philosopher believes in a strong central government, while the other promoted self-rule. Topics that include religio us toleration and the fear of the title â€Å"heretic† included completely different perspectives among the two people. Despite their differences, they endured similar fates and continued to argue for their cause. Sebastian Casteillo was a huge advocate for freedom

Essay about Oedipus Rex and Fight Club - 965 Words

Oedipus Rex, a play written by Sophocles, and Fight Club, a movie directed by David Fincher, are two stories that relate to one another by sharing similar ideas and life lessons. One could argue that both contain essential qualities and characteristics of classical tragedy, but are they both ultimately tragic in the classical sense of the word? I believe that both Oedipus Rex and Fight Club do, in fact, exhibit the important qualities of classical tragedy but ultimately, I think that only one of the two stories is a true classical tragedy. The term ‘classical tragedy’ may often be confused with the modern view of tragedy. Today, we may think of a tragedy as a disastrous event such as a car accident or a natural disaster, often leading†¦show more content†¦Therefore, this ending is an example of a sorrowful and disastrous conclusion. Sorrow and disaster are also central in Fight Club, in which a depressed young man, named in the credits only as Narrator, doesnt l ike his work and gets no sense of reward from it. Instead, he attempts to drown his sorrows by putting together the perfect apartment. He cannot sleep and begins to feel alienated from the world at large; hes become so desperate to relate to others that hes taken to visiting support groups for patients with terminal diseases so that he will have people to talk to and cry with. One day on a business flight, he discovers Tyler Durden, a charming, free-spirited man who sells soap. Tyler couldnt care less about the materialistic world, and he believes that one can learn a great deal through pain, misfortune, and chaos. One night, after the narrator comes home he finds his apartment burnt to the ground and he ends up spending the rest of his night at a bar with Tyler. After leaving the bar, Tyler cheerfully challenges his new friend to a fight. Our Narrator finds that bare-knuckle brawling makes him feel more alive than he has in years, and soon the two become friends and roommates, meet ing informally to fight once a week. As more men join in, the fight club becomes an underground sensation, even though its a closely guardedShow MoreRelatedChinatown: Above The Film Noir Genre Essay1597 Words   |  7 Pagesvillain, one who seeks riches and fame at the cost of murder, he made Noah Cross. This is not the typical boss we see in the back room of the club surrounded with henchman armed to the teeth, cigar smoke, and stacks of poker chips. He has the appearance of kindness and seems trustworthy to the viewer in his first interaction with Jake Gittes at the Albacore Club, always smiling and seemingly honestly concerned for the safety of Katherine. The viewer sees later, however that the incestuous relationshipRead MoreThe Greek Heros Triumph Over Monsters1477 Words   |  6 Pagesserpent with nine heads†(Willis 147). Hercules and his nephew, Iolaus, go to Lerna to slay the Hydra. Hercules met the Hydra and began to fight and cut its heads, but two grew back in each’s place. Hercules continued to cut off its heads and now Iolaus burned each cut wound so heads couldn’t grow. The Hydra had one head left, so Hercules smashed it with his club, tore it off, and buried it under a rock (Moncrieff 37-38). Hercules’s actions while fighting against and defeating the Hydra show thatRead MoreGreek Mythology8088 Words   |  33 Pages  The  Aegean  Sea  in  which  he  drowned  is  presumably   named  after  Aegeus.   C5   Oedipus Oedipus  and  the  Sphinx   French  painter  Jean ­Auguste ­Dominique  Ingres  was  a  superb  draftsman  who  created  numerous  depictions  of   historical  and  mythological  figures.  Shown  here  is  his  Oedipus  and  the  Sphinx  (1808),  which  is  in  the  Louvre   museum  in  Paris,  France.   Scala/Art  Resource,  NY   No  hero  of  Greek  mythology  has  proved  more  fascinating  than  Oedipus.  He  destroyed  a  monster,  the   Sphinx,  by  answering  its  riddle.  YRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesDistinctions create social barriers between people for the express purpose of creating (or reinforcing) advantages and disadvantages. When someone discounts the opinion of a coworker, for example, on the grounds that the person is â€Å"a member of the old boys’ club,† â€Å"from marketing,† â€Å"a woman,† or â€Å"doesn’t have a college degree,† he or she is creating a distinction that is not only potentially hurtful on a personal basis but ineffective for the organization. The creation of such distinctions destroys trust among

The Career of Nursing - 1259 Words

According to Boykin â€Å"Caring is the foundation of nursing† (Boykin et al, 2011) and in order to be a nurse, it is essential that a nurse can demonstrate and practice professional communication skills. Professional communication skills not only allows the nurse to provide different methods and tactics to communicate with patients of different needs and ages, but it enables the nurse to understand and to give the best possible care and outcome for the patient. Provision of information and handover is another major point for nurses and relates to professional communication. Nurses need to be able to get a detailed diagnosis from the patient through communication, and therefore allows for the nurse to handover vital information to other doctors or nurses who take over to provide the correct and best possible treatments and care. The nursing profession requires a nurse to uphold professional communication, provision of information and handover in order to care for the patient w ith the right treatment, and to provide the best health outcome. It is the nurses’ responsibility to understand what it means to have professional communication skills. Not only does not being able to communicate affect the patient, but also it affects how the nurse is able to do his or her job to the best they can. Smith and Pressman say that the Institute of Medicine has released reports, which stress, â€Å"good communication is critical to ensuring safe and reliable nursing† (Smith Pressman, 2010). BadShow MoreRelatedNursing : A Career As A Career In Nursing705 Words   |  3 PagesFrom a very early age I have had a passion and drive to help people. I was first inspired to go in to a nursing career by my grandmother who would tell me stories about her experiences as a midwife. 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According to Stichler (2006), â€Å"effective leadership is essential to transforming organizations into environments that are safe for both patientsRead MoreNursing As A Career In Nursing1092 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract My name is Dania Infante and I am a BSN student at Florida National University. I chose nursing as a career path because I am a people person. I enjoy working and interacting with people on a regular basis as well as taking care of them. I know there are several careers that specialize in patient care. However, I chose nursing because I feel a nurse is in direct contact with the patient at all times. Nurses look after their patients in every aspect, physically as well as emotionally. TheyRead MoreThe Career Of Nursing Career1825 Words   |  8 PagesNursing When people are sick or injured they need someone to take care of them and may need to see a doctor. But usually there are other professionals who will see them first and provide hands-on care before the doctor arrives. 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The purpose of this is to inform anyone interested in becoming a nurse what you can do with your degree and most important, if this careerRead MoreThe Nursing Career1082 Words   |  4 Pagesanalytical by defining a problem and use data to determine an effective solution. A PHN must be able to communicate effectively, and understand how the media delivers information. Of great importance is the role of cultural competency in public health nursing. Cultural competency is the ability to effectively consider the worldviews, healthcare practices and preferences of people from diverse, racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, and cultural backgrounds. The PHN must put an emphasis on prevention and focusesRead MoreCareers In Nursing By Betty Smith : The Career Of Nursing1121 Words   |  5 Pagesabout the career of nursing and I am going to explain how nursing is a diverse multidimensional profession. According to the article â€Å"Opportunities in Nursing† by Betty Smith â€Å"Nursing in general is concerned with the care of people’s psychological, social, and physiological well being†. There are various types of nurses such as registered nurses, nurse anesthetist, psychiatric nurses, nurse practitioners and many more. The article â€Å"Careers in nursing† by Linda Burnes illustrates â€Å"careers in nursingRead MoreCareer Re search : Nursing Career1105 Words   |  5 PagesNursing Career Research After researching many nursing careers there are three that are stick out. Although salary is a big deal today, one must be aware of the specifics of a job to make sure they enjoy the job. Three interesting nursing careers are nurse educator, traveling nurse and a pediatric nurse. When thinking of a nurse educator, the name is self-explanatory. As explained in (â€Å"15 Highest Paying Nursing Careers [Infographic]†, 2017) a nurse educator is someone who has experiences in nursing

The Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 913 Words

â€Å"Gatsby? What Gatsby?† Daisy’s infamous line, when all the pieces begin to line up for Gatsby’s demise. It is also the line that sets the theme for the entire novel. Who is Gatsby, where did he come from, and what does he want? These are the inquiries that boggle the readers throughout the novel. Gatsby was like a monster created by his own Frankenstein, Daisy and Nick Carraway, is the ominous narrator, god, the eyes that were always watching and making judgments upon others. During the Jazz Age in New York, it was a time of little frugality and great extravagance. â€Å"It was in such a profusion around you.†(p.3) and the prodigality was attained in each class through lust (Tome and Daisy), deceit (Gatsby and the world), and murder (Wilson and Myrtle) of Jay Gatsby. Gatsby hosted several large gaudy parties where it was like stepping into another world. He hosted these parties in hopes that Daisy would wander into one; although, she never did. The people who attended his parties were classified as â€Å"new money†Ã¢â‚¬â€celebrities, socialites, and etc. The kind of people that came into money recently, inferring that it was not generational wealth. Daisy was classified as â€Å"old money†Ã¢â‚¬â€those whose families always had wealth and their posterior are entitled to a life of carelessness. Gatsby’s parties incited rumors from people who thought they knew who he was; however, of all who poured in, no one knew who him or at least not the real him. This was evident from the stories ofShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald1393 Words   |  6 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald was the model of the American image in the nineteen twenties. He had wealth, fame, a beautiful wife, and an adorable daughter; all seemed perfect. Beneath the gilded faà §ade, however, was an author who struggled with domestic and physical difficulties that plagued his personal life and career throughout its short span. 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An Examination of Two Sides of a Controversy Free Essays

One that might make your hair rise, scream with all your might or run very fast is the sight of a human skull and skeleton during a full moon in an old abandoned house. This is the usual scene in a horror movie. Indeed, people fear seeing human remains. We will write a custom essay sample on An Examination of Two Sides of a Controversy or any similar topic only for you Order Now But skeletal remains can also cause conflict between museum owners, scientists and tribal groups. Authorities are usually torn between legal wrangling of these groups each one claiming the remains’ ownership. Nations of the world are also locked in debates over cultural property rights and intellectual property rights. The dispute between two great nations over great artifacts also has some repercussion on the economy of these two countries. Almost all schools and universities in the world maintain a museum basically for their activities in arts and sciences. In here, actual samples or replicas of the past are stored and lessons are becoming interesting if students can readily see what they read in the books. The more interesting the contents of the museums, the more famous they become. This generates sense of pride for the institution and sometimes become a source of revenues too. This is the reason why museums are trying to acquire interesting objects and when they become part of the museum, the real owner of the object finds it difficult to claim it. This becomes the source of conflict between museum administrator and Native Americans in the case of ancient artifacts. Archaeologists too are hard bent on keeping them because they are prized possessions and scientists can discover various things from studying the object and contribute to the enhancement of science. One afternoon of a windy Sunday, more than ten years ago, while seeing hydroplane race, along the shores of the Columbia River, two students found human skull that was washed into the shore. An almost complete skeleton was also found in the place. Study conducted on the remains has yielded information that the skull is already 9,400 years old. A conflict ensued immediately among scientists, Native Americans including local authorities (Ainsworth 2000). In Honolulu, Hawaii, artifacts were borrowed from a museum but apparently, the group who borrowed failed to return the remains and refused to reveal the whereabouts of the Native Hawaiian artifacts. This led to the filing of contempt of court by the federal judge against four heads of a Hawaiian gang. The four are members of the group called Group Caring for the Ancestors of Hawaii. Members of the group claimed that the artifacts were removed from its original place by an archaeologist and illegally offered for sale to the Museum. Group members assert that they just return the artifacts to where they rightly belong (New York Times 2005). An archaeology student recovered bones, beads and pieces of shells in Dry Lake Cave at the southern tip of Owens Valley in 1950. She wrote her findings in her record notebook. More than 50 years later, while her artifacts together with her records are lying inside a stockroom in Hershey Hall, three elders of the tribal group Timbisha Shoshone of Death Valley carefully inspect artifacts trying to see objects with cultural value, which they feel are rightfully theirs. The land of their ancestors includes the Dry Lake Cave (Lee 2002). Pauline Estevez, a tribal leader, who had an invitation to visit UCLA from the Fowler Museum of Cultural History, remarked, â€Å"It is our obligation as Indian people to safeguard our land and its wealth, Some of the artifacts here are part of our treasures which we think should not be kept by the museum or its collector because the land is their rightful owner† (Lee 2002). That is the reason why Estevez took the opportunity to yield to the invitation of the Fowler Museum of Cultural History. As an elder of a tribal group, she feels that what belongs to her land should be returned because they are part of their culture. The artifacts can be their ancestors or the treasures they brought with them which witnessed the birth of their tribe. They take pride in those artifacts and should also be seen by the younger generations as part of their identity. The Kennewick man who was found in the shore of the Columbian river was supposed to be returned to the five American Indian Tribes who jointly filed a claim so that they can possess and rebury the remains that they believe are theirs. The claim was under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990. The natives might have the same motive as those inhabitants of Death Valley. What belongs to them should be returned so that the remains of their ancestors can reunite with their land and the community where they once belong. The natives feel that their ancestors will be more peaceful going back to where they belong rather than to remain in the cold museum (Ainsworth 2000). That could be the same motive that prompts leaders of the Hawaiian group not to return the artifacts that were borrowed from the Hawaiian museum. They asserted that since those artifacts were taken illegally from their original burial place, they should be returned there so that the souls of their ancestor will really lie in peace. Meanwhile, a group of angry archaeologists who are interested in the Kennewick man want to study the remains. The finding of a 9,400 year old artifact naturally will interest them. They protested the move that will give the natives the right to the ownership of the Kennewick man. That started the legal battle between the archaeologists and the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation (Ainsworth 2000). While the natives are fighting for the return of the remains so that it can once again be a part of the original community and peacefully lie there, the scientists are hoping that they can contribute significantly to the world of science if they can study the remains. They believe that they can learn from the past as a way of improving the future. Thomas spoke in a crowded Kroeber Hall and states that the significant issue about the Kennewick remains are neither about religion nor science. According to him the issue is with regards to politics and not philosophy, about leadership and power. The question of who calls the shot when it comes to ancient American history. Is it the federal, the science community or the American Indian? Thomas is a vocal advocate of cooperative partnership between the American Indians and the scientists. He maintained that in a case like the Kennewick man, it’s a long and bitter fight, which can reach the Supreme Court. He believes that this case can be settled away from the premises of the court (Ainsworth 2000). How to cite An Examination of Two Sides of a Controversy, Papers

Ozone Layer Solid Research Essay Example For Students

Ozone Layer Solid Research Essay Subject: TABLE OF CONTENTSHow to get this FAQCopyright StatementGeneral remarksCaveats, Disclaimers, and Contact InformationTABLE OF CONTENTS1. THE STRATOSPHERE1.1) What is the stratosphere?1.2) How is the composition of air described? 1.3) How does the composition of the atmosphere change with2. THE OZONE LAYER2.1) How is ozone created?2.2) How much ozone is in the layer, and what is a2.3) How is ozone distributed in the stratosphere?2.4) How does the ozone layer work?2.5) What sorts of natural variations does the ozone layer show?2.5.a) Regional and Seasonal Variation2.5.b) Year-to-year variations. 2.6) What are CFCs?2.7) How do CFCs destroy ozone?2.8) What is an Ozone Depletion Potential?2.9) What about HCFCs and HFCs? Do they destroy ozone?2.10) *IS* the ozone layer getting thinner?2.11) Is the middle-latitude ozone loss due to CFC emissions?2.12) If the ozone is lost, wont the UV light just penetrate 2.13) Do Space Shuttle launches damage the ozone layer?2.14) Will commercial supersonic aircraft damage the ozone layer?2.15) What is being done about ozone depletion?3. REFERENCES FOR PART IIntroductory ReadingBooks and Review ArticlesMore Specialized ReferencesInternet ResourcesSubject: 1. THE STRATOSPHERESubject: 1.1) What is the stratosphere?The stratosphere extends from about 15 km to 50 km. In thestratosphere temperature _increases_ with altitude, due to theabsorption of UV light by oxygen and ozone. This creates a globalinversion layer which impedes vertical motion into and within the stratosphere since warmer air lies above colder air, convectionis inhibited. The word s tratosphere is related to the wordstratification or layering. The stratosphere is often compared to the troposphere, which isthe atmosphere below about 15 km. The boundary called the tropopause between these regions is quite sharp, but itsprecise location varies between ~9 and ~18 km, depending upon latitude and season. The prefix tropo refers to change: the troposphere is the part of the atmosphere in which weather occurs. This results in rapid mixing of tropospheric air. Above the stratosphere lie the mesosphere, ranging from ~50 to~100 km, in which temperature decreases with altitude; the thermosphere, ~100-400 km, in which temperature increaseswith altitude again, and the exosphere, beyond ~400 km, whichfades into the background of interplanetary space. In the uppermesosphere and thermosphere electrons and ions are abundant, sothese regions are also referred to as the ionosphere. In technicalliterature the term lower atmosphere is synonymous with thetroposphere, middle atmosphere refers to the stratosphereand mesosphere, while upper atmo sphere is usually reserved for thethermosphere and exosphere. This usage is not universal, however,and one occasionally sees the term upper atmosphere used todescribe everything above the troposphere (for example, in NASAsUpper Atmosphere Research Satellite, UARS.)Subject: 1.2) How is the composition of air described? (Or, what is a mixing ratio?)The density of the air in the atmosphere depends upon altitude, andin a complicated way because the temperature also varies withaltitude. It is therefore awkward to report concentrations ofatmospheric species in units like g/cc or molecules/cc. Instead,it is convenient to report the mole fraction, the relativenumber of molecules of a given type in an air sample. Atmosphericscientists usually call a mole fraction a mixing ratio. Typicalunits for mixing ratios are parts-per-million, billion, ortrillion by volume, designated as ppmv, ppbv, and pptvrespectively. (The expression by volume reflects Avogadros Law for an ideal gas mixture, equal v olumes contain equal numbers of molecules and serves to distinguish mixing ratios from mass fractions which are given as parts-per-million by weight.) Thuswhen someone says the mixing ratio of hydrogen chloride at 3 kmis 0.1 ppbv, he means that 1 out of every 10 billion molecules inan air sample collected at that altitude will be an HCl molecule. Subject: 1.3) How does the composition of the atmosphere change withaltitude? (Or, how can CFCs get up to the stratosphere when they are heavier than air?) In the earths troposphere and stratosphere, most _stable_ chemicalspecies are well-mixed their mixing ratios are independent ofaltitude. If a species mixing ratio changes with altitude, somekind of physical or chemical transformation is taking place. That last statement may seem surprising one might expect the heavier molecules to dominate at lower altitudes. The mixing ratio of Krypton (mass 84), then, would decrease with altitude, while that of Helium (mass 4) would increase. In reality, however, molecules do not segregate by weight in the troposphere or stratosphere. The relative proportions of Helium, Nitrogen, and Krypton are unchanged up to about 100 km. Why is this? Vertical transport in the troposphere takes place byconvection and turbulent mixing. In the stratosphere and in themesosphere, it takes place by eddy diffusi on the gradual mechanical mixing of gas by motions on small scales. These mechanisms do not distinguish molecular masses. Only at much higher altitudes do mean free paths become so large that _molecular_ diffusion dominates and gravity is able to separate the different species, bringing hydrogen and helium atoms to the top. The lower and middle atmosphere are thussaid to be well mixed. Experimental measurements of the fluorocarbon CF4 demonstrate thishomogeneous mixing. CF4 has an extremely long lifetime in thestratosphere probably many thousands of years. The mixing ratioof CF4 in the stratosphere was found to be 0.056-0.060 ppbv from 10-50 km, with no overall trend. An important trace gas that is *not* well-mixed is water vapor. Thelower troposphere contains a great deal of water as much as 30,000ppmv in humid tropical latitudes. High in the troposphere, however,the water condenses and falls to the earth as rain or snow, so thatthe stratosphere is extremely dry, typical mixing ratios being about5 ppmv. Indeed, the transport of water vapor from troposphere to stratosphere is even less efficient than this would suggest, since much of the small amount of water in the stratosphere is actuallyproduced _in situ_ by the oxidation of stratospheric methane. Sometimes that part of the atmosphere in which the chemicalcomposition of stable species does not change with al titude iscalled the homosphere. The homosphere includes the troposphere,stratosphere, and mesosphere. The upper regions of the atmosphere the thermosphere and the exosphere are then referred to as the heterosphere. Subject: 2. THE OZONE LAYER Subject: 2.1) How is ozone created?Ozone is formed naturally in the upper stratosphere by shortwavelength ultraviolet radiation. Wavelengths less than ~240nanometers are absorbed by oxygen molecules (O2), which dissociate togive O atoms. The O atoms combine with other oxygen molecules to make ozone: O2 + hv -* O + O (wavelength * 240 nm)O + O2 -* O3Subject: 2.2) How much ozone is in the layer, and what is aDobson Unit ?A Dobson Unit (DU) is a convenient scale for measuring the totalamount of ozone occupying a column overhead. If the ozone layerover the US were compressed to 0 degrees Celsius and 1 atmospherepressure, it would be about 3 mm thick. So, 0.01 mm thickness at 0 C and 1 at is defined to be 1 DU; this makes the average thicknessof the ozone layer over the US come out to be about 300 DU. In absolute terms, 1 DU is about 2.7 x 10^16 molecules/cm^2. The unit is named after G.M.B. Dobson, who carried out pioneering studies of atmospheric ozone between ~1920-1960. Dobson designedthe standard instrument used to measure ozone from the ground. TheDobson spectrophotometer measures the intensity solar UV radiation atfour wavelengths, two of which are absorbed by ozone and two ofwhich are not . These instruments are still in usein many places, although they are gradually being replaced by the more elaborate Brewer spectrophotometers. Today ozone is measured in many ways, from aircraft, balloons, satellites, and space shuttle missions,but the worldwide Dobson network is the only source of long-term data. A station at Arosa in Switzerland has been measuring ozone since the1920s (see http://www The Salem Community by Miller Essay _Aside_: One sometimes hears that the US government killed the SSTproject in 1971 because of concerns raised by H. S. Johnstons work on NOx. This is not true. The US House of Representatives had alreadyvoted to cut off Federal funding for the SST when Johnston beganhis calculations. The House debate had centered around economics and the effects of noise, especially sonic booms, although there were some vague concerns about pollution and one physicist had testifiedabout the possible effects of water vapor on ozone. About 6 weeks after both houses had voted to cancel the SST, its supporters succeeded in reviving the project in the House. In the meantime, Johnston had sent a preliminary report to several professional colleagues and submitted a paper to _Science_. A preprint of Johnstons report leaked to a small California newspaper which published a highly sensationalized account. The story hit the press a few days before the Senate voted, 58-37, not to revive the SST. (The previous Senate vote had been 51-46 to cancel the project. The reason for the larger majority in the second vote was probably the statement by Boeings chairman that at least $500 million more would be needed to revive the program.).. Subject: 2.15) What is being done about ozone depletion?The 1987 Montreal Protocol (full text available on the world-wide web athttp://www.unep.org/unep/secretar/ozone/treaties.htm) specified thatCFC emissions should be reduced by 50% by the year 2000 (they had been _increasing_ by 3% per year.) This agreement was amended inLondon in 1990, to state that production of CFCs, CCl4, and halons should cease entirely by the year 2000. Restrictions were also appliedapplied to other Cl sources such as methylchloroform. (The details ofthe protocols are complicated, involving different schedules for differentcompounds, delays for developing nations, etc.) The phase-out schedulewas accelerated by four years by the 1992 Copenhagen agreements. A great deal of effort has been devoted to recovering and recycling CFCs that arecurrently being used in closed-cycle systems. For more information about legal and policy issues, see the books by and , and the following web sites:http://www.unep.org/unep/se cretar/ozone/home.htm http://www.unep.ch/ozone/ (European mirror site for above)http://www.epa.gov/docs/ozone/index.htmlhttp://www.ciesin.org/TG/OZ/ozpolic.htmlRecent NOAA measurements show that the _rate of increase_ of halocarbon concentrations in the atmosphere has decreased markedly since 1987. It appears that theProtocols are being observed. Under these conditions total stratospheric chlorine is predicted to peak at 3.8 ppbv in the year 1998, 0.2 ppbv above 1994 levels, and to slowly decline thereafter. Extrapolation of current trends suggests that the maximum ozone losses will be :Northern Mid-latitudes in winter/Spring: 12-13% below late 1960s levels, ~2.5% below current levels. Northern mid-latitudes in summer/fall: 6-7% below late 1960s levels,~1.5% below current levels. Southern mid-latitudes, year-round: ~ 11% below late 1960s levels,~2.5% below current levels. Very little depletion has been seen in the tropics and little isexpected there. After the year 2000, the ozone layer will slowly recover over a period of 50 years or so. The antarctic ozone hole is expected to last until about 2045. Some scientists are investigating ways to replenish stratosphericozone, either by removing CFCs from the troposphere or by tying upthe chlorine in inactive compounds. This is discussed in Part III. Subject: 3. REFERENCES FOR PART IA remark on references: they are neither representative norcomprehensive. There are _hundreds_ of people working on theseproblems. Where possible I have limited myself to articles thatare (1) available outside of University libraries (e.g. _Science_ or _Nature_ rather than archival journals such as _J. Geophys. Res._) and (2) directly related to the frequently asked questions. I have not listed papers whose importance is primarily historical. (I make an exception for the Nobel-Prize winning work of Crutzen,Molina and Rowland.) Readers who want to see who did what shouldconsult the review articles listed below, or, if they can get them,the WMO reports which are extensively documented. Subject: Introductory Reading R. R. Garcia, Causes of Ozone Depletion, _Physics World_April 1994 pp 49-55. T. E. Graedel and P. J. Crutzen, _Atmospheric Change: an Earth System Perspective_, Freeman, NY 1993. F.S. Rowland, Chlorofluorocarbons and the depletionof stratospheric ozone, _American Scientist_ _77_, 36, 1989. F. S. Rowland and M. J. Molina, Ozone depletion: 20 years after the alarm, _Chemical and Engineering News_, 15 Aug. 1994, pp. 8-13. P. S. Zurer, Ozone Depletions Recurring SurprisesChallenge Atmospheric Scientists, _Chemical and Engineering News_,24 May 1993, pp. 9-18. Subject: Books and Review Articles R. Bene*censored*, _Ozone Diplomacy_, Harvard, 1991. G. Brasseur and S. Solomon, _Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere_, 2nd. Edition, D. Reidel, 1986 J. W. Chamberlain and D. M. Hunten,_Theory of Planetary Atmospheres_, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, 1987 G. M. B. Dobson, _Exploring the Atmosphere_, 2nd Edition, Oxford, 1968. G. M. B. Dobson, Forty Years research on atmosphericozone at Oxford, _Applied Optics_, _7_, 387, 1968. Climate Impact Committee, National Research Council,_Environmental Impact of Stratospheric Flight_, National Academy of Sciences, 1975. H. S. Johnston, Atmospheric Ozone, _Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem._ _43_, 1, 1992. M. K. W. Ko, N.-D. Sze, and M. J. Prather, BetterProtection of the Ozone Layer, _Nature_ _367_, 505, 1994. K. T. Litvin, _Ozone Discourses_, Columbia 1994. M. McElroy and R. Salawich, Changing Composition of the Global Stratosphere, _Science_ _243, 763, 1989. F. S. Rowland and M. J. Molina,Chlorofluoromethanes in the Environment, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys. _13_, 1, 1975. F. S. Rowland, Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, _Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem._ _42_, 731, 1991. M. L. Salby and R. R. Garcia, Dynamical Perturbationsto the Ozone Layer, _Physics Today_ _43_, 38, March 1990. S. Solomon, Progress towards a quantitative understandingof Antarctic ozone depletion, _Nature_ _347_, 347, 1990. J. M. Wallace and P. V. Hobbs,_Atmospheric Science: an Introductory Survey_, Academic Press, 1977. R. P. Wayne, _Chemistry of Atmospheres_, 2nd. Ed., Oxford, 1991. World Meteorological Organization, _Report of the International Ozone Trends Panel_, Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report #18. World Meteorological Organization, _Scientific Assessment of Stratospheric Ozone: 1991_Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report #20. World Meteorological Organization, _Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1991_Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report #25. World Meteorological Organization, _Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1994_Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project Report #37. The Executive Summary of this report is available on theWorld-Wide Web at http://www.al.noaa.gov/WWWHD/pubdocs/WMOUNEP94.htmlSubject: More Specialized References R. D. Bojkov, V. E. Fioletov, D. S. Balis,C. S. Zerefos, T. V. Kadygrova, and A. M. Shalamjansky, Further ozone decline during the northern hemisphere winter-springof 1994-95 and the new record low ozone over Siberia,Geophys. Res. Lett. _22_, 2729, 1995. G. Brasseur and C. Granier, Mt. Pinatuboaerosols, chlorofluorocarbons, and ozone depletion, _Science__257_, 1239, 1992. P. J. Crutzen, The influence of nitrogen oxides on theatmospheric ozone content, _Quart. J. R. Met. Soc._ _90_, 320, 1970. J. W. Elkins, T. M. Thompson, T. H. Swanson,J. H. Butler, B. D. Hall, S. O. Cummings, D. A. Fisher, and A. G. Raffo, Decrease in Growth Rates of Atmospheric Chlorofluorocarbons 11 and 12, _Nature_ _364_, 780, 1993. D. W. Fahey, E. R. Keim, K. A. Boering,C. A. Brock, J. C. Wilson, H. H. Jonsson, S. Anthony, T. F. Hanisco,P. O. Wennberg, R. C. Miake-Lye, R. J. Salawich, N. Louisnard, E. L. Woodbridge, R. S. Gao, S. G. Donnelly, R. C. Wamsley,L. A. Del Negro, S. Solomon, B. C. Daube, S. C. Wofsy, C. R. Webster,R. D. May, K. K. Kelly, M. Loewenstein, J. R. Podolske, and K. R. Chan,Emission Measurements of the Concorde Supersonic Aircraft in theLower Stratosphere, _Science_ _270_, 70, 1995. J. Gleason, P. Bhatia, J. Herman, R. McPeters, P. Newman, R. Stolarski, L. Flynn, G. Labow, D. Larko, C. Seftor, C. Wellemeyer, W. Komhyr, A. Miller, and W. Planet, Record Low GlobalOzone in 1992, _Science_ _260_, 523, 1993. K. Henriksen and V. Roldugin, Total ozonevariations in Middle Asia and dynamics meteorological processesin the atmosphere, _Geophys. Res. Lett._ _22_, 3219, 1995. K. Henriksen, T. Svenoe, and S. H. H. Larsen,On the stability of the ozone layer at Tromso, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. _55_, 1113, 1992. J. R. Herman, R. McPeters, and D. Larko,Ozone depletion at northern and southern latitudes derivedfrom January 1979 to December 1991 TOMS data,J. Geophys. Res. _98_, 12783, 1993. D. J. Hofmann and S. Solomon, Ozone destruction through heterogeneous chemistry following the eruption of El Chichon, J. Geophys. Res. _94_, 5029, 1989. D. J. Hofmann, S. J. Oltmans, W. D. Komhyr, J. M. Harris, J. A. Lathrop, A. O. Langford, T. Deshler, B. J. Johnson, A. Torres, and W. A. Matthews,Ozone Loss in the lower stratosphere over the United States in1992-1993: Evidence for heterogeneous chemistry on the Pinatuboaerosol, Geophys. Res. Lett. _21_, 65, 1994. D. J. Hofmann, S. J. Oltmans, J. M. Harris,J. A. Lathrop, G. L. Koenig, W. D. Komhyr, R. D. Evans, D. M. Quincy,T. Deshler, and B. J. Johnson,Recovery of stratospheric ozone over the United States in the winterof 1993-94, Geophys. Res. Lett. _21_, 1779, 1994. D. J. Hofmann, S. J. Oltmans, G. L. Koenig,B. A. Bodhaine, J. M. Harris, J. A. Lathrop, R. C. Schnell, J. Barnes,J. Chin, D. Kuniyuki, S. Ryan, R. Uchida, A. Yoshinaga, P. J. Neale,D. R. Hayes, Jr., V. R. Goodrich, W. D. Komhyr, R. D. Evans, B. J. Johnson,D. M. Quincy, and M. Clark, Record low ozone at Mauna Loa Observatoryduring winter 1994-95: A consequence of chemical and dynamicalsynergism?, Geophys. Res. Lett. _23_, 1533, 1996. J. B. Kerr, D. I. Wardle, and P. W. Towsick,Record low ozone values over Canada in early 1993,Geophys. Res. Lett. _20_, 1979, 1993. M. A. K. Khalil and R. Rasmussen, The GlobalSources of Nitrous Oxide, _J. Geophys. Res._ _97_, 14651, 1992. S. H. H. Larsen and T. Henriksen, Persistent Arctic ozone layer, _Nature_ _343_, 134, 1990. M. P. McCormick, L. W. Thomason, and C. R. Trepte, Atmospheric effects of the Mt Pinatubo eruption,_Nature_ _373_, 399, 1995. R. D. McPeters, S. M. Hollandsworth, andC. J. Seftor, Long-term ozone trends derived from the 16-year combinedNimbus 7/Meteor 3 TOMS Version 7 record, Geophys. Res. Lett. _23_,3699, 1996. M. J. Molina and F. S. Rowland,Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: chlorineatom-catalyzed destruction of ozone, _Nature_ _249_, 810, 1974. S. A. Montzka, J. H. Butler, R. C. Myers,T. M. Thompson, T. H. Swanson, A. D. Clarke, L. T. Lock, and J. W. Elkins, Decline in the Tropospheric Abundance of Halogenfrom Halocarbons: Implications for Stratospheric Ozone Depletion,_Science_ _272_, 1318, 1996. M. J. Prather, M.M. Garcia, A.R. Douglass, C.H. Jackman, M.K.W. Ko, and N.D. Sze, The Space Shuttles impact onthe stratosphere, J. Geophys. Res. _95_, 18583, 1990. M. J. Prather, P. Midgley, F. S. Rowland,and R. Stolarski, The ozone layer: the road not taken,_Nature_ _381_, 551, 1996. A. R. Ravishankara, A. A. Turnipseed,N. R. Jensen, S. Barone, M. Mills, C. J. Howard, and S. Solomon,Do Hydrofluorocarbons Destroy Stratospheric Ozone?,_Science_ _263_, 71, 1994. Special Section on the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II, _J. Geophys. Res._ _98_, 4835-4897, 1993. S. Solomon and D.L. Albritton,Time-dependent ozone depletion potentials for short- and long-termforecasts, _Nature_ _357_, 33, 1992. R. Stolarski, R. Bojkov, L. Bishop, C. Zerefos,J. Staehelin, and J. Zawodny, Measured Trends in StratosphericOzone, Science _256_, 342 (17 April 1992) J. Waters, L. Froidevaux, W. Read, G. Manney, L. Elson, D. Flower, R. Jarnot, and R. Harwood, Stratospheric ClO andozone from the Microwave Limb Sounder on the Upper AtmosphereResearch Satellite, _Nature_ _362_, 597, 1993. R. Zander, M. R. Gunson, C. B. Farmer, C. P. Rinsland, F. W. Irion, and E. Mahieu, The 1985 chlorine andfluorine inventories in the stratosphere based on ATMOSobservations at 30 degrees North latitude, J. Atmos. Chem. _15_,171, 1992. Subject: Internet ResourcesThis list is preliminary and by no means comprehensive; it includes a few sites that I have found particularly useful and which providegood starting points for further exploration. Probably the most extensive collection of online resources is that providedby the Consortium for International Earth Science Information Network:http://sedac.ciesin.org/ozone/It includes links to many other documents, including on-line versionsof some of the original research papers. At the present time portionsof the site are very much under construction. Lenticular Press publishes a multimedia CD-ROM (for Apple Macintosh)containing ozone data and images, as well as a hypertext document similarto this FAQ. For sample images and information about ordering the CD,see http://www.lenticular.com/ Note that these samples are copyrightedand may not be further distributed. The NOAA Aeronomy Lab: http://www.al.noaa.gov/ , has the text of the Executive Summary of the 1994 WMO ScientificAssessment, http://www.al.noaa.gov/WWWHD/pubdocs/WMOUNEP94.htmlThe United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) Ozone Secretariat:Main page http://www.unep.org/unep/secretar/ozone/home.htm (Nairobi, Kenya). Mirror site http://www.unep.ch/ozone/ (Geneva, Switzerland). The US Environmental Protection Agency has an ozone page that includeslinks to both science and policy resources:http://www.epa.gov/docs/ozone/index.htmlSome of the more interesting scientific web pages include:The Centre for Antarctic Information and Research (ICAIR) in New Zealand:http://icair.iac.org.nz/ozone/index.html Environment Canada: http://www.doe.ca/ozone/index.htmThe TOMS home page: http://jwocky.gsfc.nasa.gov/The EASOE home page: http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/images/easoe/The UARS Project Definition page:http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/UARS_project.htmlThe HALOE home page: http://haloedata.larc.nasa.gov/home.htmlThe British Antarctic Survey:http://www.nbs.ac.uk/public/icd/jds/ozone/The ETH Zuerich Institute for Atmospheric Sciencehttp://www.umnw.ethz.ch/LAPETH/lapeth.htmlThe Institute for Meteorology at the Free University of Berlin:http://strat-www.met.fu-berlin.de/The Climate Prediction Centers TOVS Total Ozone Analysis page:http://nic.fb4.noaa.gov:80/products/st ratosphere/tovsto/The USDA UV-B Radiation Monitoring Program Climate Network,http://uvb.nrel.colostate.edu/UVB/uvb_climate_network.html Send corrections/additions to the FAQ Maintainer: Last Update September 28 2000 @ 04:24 AM Ozone Depletion FAQ Part IV: UV Radiation and its EffectsFrom: (Robert Parson)Newsgroups: sci.environment,sci.answers,news.answersSubject: Ozone Depletion FAQ Part IV: UV Radiation and its EffectsFollowup-To: posterDate: 24 Dec 1997 20:51:43 GMTOrganization: University of Colorado, BoulderExpires: Sun, 1 Jan 1998 00:00:00 GMTMessage-ID: **Reply-To: Summary: This is the fourth of four files dealing with stratosphericozone depletion. It describes the properties of solar UVradiation and some of its biological effects. Keywords: ozone layer depletion UVB UVA skin cancer phytoplanktonArchive-name: ozone-depletion/uvLast-modified: 16 Dec 1997Version: 5.9Subject: How to get this FAQThese files are posted to the newsgroups sci.environment, sci.answers,and news.answers. They are also archived at a variety of sites. Thesearchives work by automatically downloading the faqs from the newsgroupsand reformatting them in site-specific ways. They usually update tothe latest version within a few days of its being posted, although inthe past there have been some lapses; if the Last-Modified date inthe FAQ seems old, you may want to see if there is a more recent versionin a different archive. Many individuals have archived copies on their own servers, but theseare often seriously out of date and in general are not recommended. A. World-Wide Web(Limited) hypertext versions, with embedded links to some of the on-lineresources cited in the faqs, can be found at:http://www.faqs.org/faqs/ozone-depletion/ http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/ozone-depletion/top.htmlhttp://www.lib.ox.ac.uk/internet/news/faq/sci.environment.html http://www.cs.ruu.nl/wais/html/na-dir/ozone-depletion/.htmlPlaintext versions can be found at:ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/ozone-depletion/ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/news.answers/ozone-depletion/-B. Anonymous ftpTo rtfm.mit.edu, in the directory /pub/usenet/news.answers/ozone-depletionTo ftp.uu.net, in the directory /usenet/news.answers/ozone-depletionLook for the four files named intro, stratcl, antarctic, and uv. -C. Regular emailSend the following messages to :send usenet/news.answers/ozone-depletion/introsend usenet/news.answers/ozone-depletion/stratclsend usenet/news.answers/ozone-depletion/antarcticsend usenet/news.answers/ozone-depletion/uvLeave the subject line blank. If you want to find out more about the mail server, send amessage to it containing the word help. Subject: Copyright Notice************************************************************************ Copyright 1997 Robert Parson ** ** This file may be distributed, copied, and archived. All such ** copies must include this notice and the paragraph below entitled ** Caveat. Reproduction and distribution for personal profit is ** not permitted. If this document is transmitted to other networks or ** stored on an electronic archive, I ask that you inform me. I also ** ask you to keep your archive up to date; in the case of world-wide ** web pages, this is most easily done by linking to the master at the ** ohio-state http URL instead of storing local copies. Finally, I ** request that you inform me before including any of this information ** in any publications of your own. Students should note that this ** is _not_ a peer-reviewed publication and may not be acceptable as ** a reference for school projects; it should instead be used as a ** pointer to the published literature. In particular, all scientific ** data, numerical estimates, etc. should be accompanied by a citation ** to the original published source, not to this document. ************************************************************************Subject: General RemarksThis file deals with the physical properties of ultravioletradiation and its biological consequences, emphasizing thepossible effects of stratospheric ozone depletion. It frequentlyrefers back to Part I, where the basic properties of the ozonelayer are described; the reader should look over that file first. The overall approach I take is conservative. I concentrate on whatis known and on most probable, rather than worst-case, scenarios. For example, I have relatively little to say about theeffects of UV radiation on plants this does not mean that theeffects are small, it means that they are as yet not wellquantified (and moreover, I am not well qualified to interpret theliterature.) Policy decisions must take into account not only themost probable scenario, but also a range of less probable ones. will probably do, but also the worst that he could possibly do. There have been surprises, mostly unpleasant, in this field in thepast, and there are sure to be more in the future. In general,_much_ less is known about biological effects of UV-B than aboutthe physics and chemistry of the ozone layer. Subject: Caveats, Disclaimers, and Contact Information| _Caveat_: I am not a specialist. In fact, I am not an atmospheric| scientist at all I am a physical chemist studying gas-phase| reactions who talks to atmospheric scientists. In this part